SQL distinguishes between reserved and non-reserved keywords. According to the standard, reserved keywords are the only real keywords; they are never allowed as identifiers. Non-reserved keywords only have a special meaning in particular contexts and can be used as identifiers in other contexts. Most non-reserved keywords are actually the names of built-in tables and functions specified by SQL. The concept of non-reserved keywords essentially only exists to declare that some predefined meaning is attached to a word in some contexts.
?? a keyword not part of sys.keywords
!! a keyword not in PG
Keywords reserved in the various SQL standards and freely used by MonetDB
| Keyword | MonetDB | SQL:2016 | SQL:2011 | SQL-92 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ABS | reserved | reserved | ||
| ACOS | reserved | |||
| ASIN | reserved | |||
| ASSERTION | non-reserved | non-reserved | reserved | |
| ATAN | reserved | |||
| BOOLEAN | reserved | reserved | ||
| BOTH | reserved | reserved | reserved | |
| CALLED | reserved | reserved | ||
| CARDINALITY | reserved | reserved | ||
| COS | reserved | |||
| COSH | reserved | |||
| COUNT | reserved | reserved | reserved | |
| COVAR_POP | reserved | reserved | ||
| COVAR_SAMP | reserved | reserved | ||
| CUME_DIST | reserved | reserved | ||
| CURRENT_CATALOG | reserved | reserved | reserved | |
| CURRENT_DEFAULT_TRANSFORM_GROUP | reserved | reserved | ||
| DESCRIBE | reserved | reserved | reserved | |
| ELSEIF | reserved | reserved | reserved | |
| FETCH | reserved | reserved | reserved | |
| FLOAT | reserved | reserved | reserved | |
| FLOOR | reserved | reserved | ||
| INDICATOR | reserved | reserved | reserved | |
| INTERSECTION | reserved | reserved | ||
| LEAD | reserved | reserved | ||
| LEADING | reserved | reserved | reserved | |
| LOWER | reserved | reserved | reserved | |
| MEMBER | reserved | reserved | ||
| MIN | reserved | reserved | reserved | |
| MINUTE | reserved | reserved | reserved | |
| MOD | reserved | reserved | ||
| NONE | reserved | reserved | ||
| NORMALIZE | reserved | reserved | ||
| OMIT | reserved | |||
| ONE | reserved | |||
| OUT | reserved | reserved | ||
| OUTPUT | non-reserved | non-reserved | reserved | |
| OVERLAPS | reserved | reserved | reserved | |
| OVERLAY | reserved | reserved | ||
| PARAMETER | reserved | reserved | ||
| PATTERN | reserved | |||
| PER | reserved | |||
| PERCENT | reserved | reserved | ||
| PERCENTILE_CONT | reserved | reserved | ||
| PERCENTILE_DISC | reserved | reserved | ||
| PERCENT_RANK | reserved | reserved | ||
| PORTION | reserved | reserved | ||
| POSITION | reserved | reserved | reserved | |
| POSITION_REGEX | reserved | reserved | ||
| POWER | reserved | reserved | ||
| PRIOR | non-reserved | non-reserved | reserved | |
| READS | reserved | reserved | ||
| RANK | reserved | reserved | ||
| RECURSIVE | reserved | reserved | ||
| REF | reserved | reserved | ||
| REGR_AVGX | reserved | reserved | ||
| REGR_AVGY | reserved | reserved | ||
| REGR_COUNT | reserved | reserved | ||
| REGR_INTERCEPT | reserved | reserved | ||
| REGR_R2 | reserved | reserved | ||
| REGR_SLOPE | reserved | reserved | ||
| REGR_SXX | reserved | reserved | ||
| REGR_SXY | reserved | reserved | ||
| REGR_SYY | reserved | reserved | ||
| RELATIVE | non-reserved | non-reserved | reserved | |
| RELEASE | reserved | reserved | ||
| RESULT | reserved | reserved | ||
| ROW | reserved | reserved | ||
| ROW_NUMBER | reserved | reserved | ||
| SCOPE | reserved | reserved | ||
| SCROLL | reserved | reserved | reserved | |
| SEARCH | reserved | reserved | ||
| SECTION | non-reserved | reserved | ||
| SEEK | reserved | |||
| SENSITIVE | reserved | reserved | ||
| SHOW | reserved | |||
| SIMILAR | reserved | reserved | ||
| SIN | reserved | |||
| SINH | reserved | |||
| SIZE | non-reserved | non-reserved | reserved | |
| SKIP | reserved | |||
| SPACE | non-reserved | reserved | ||
| SPECIFIC | reserved | reserved | ||
| SPECIFICTYPE | reserved | reserved | ||
| SPECIFIC_NAME | non-reserved | non-reserved | ||
| STATIC | reserved | reserved | ||
| STDDEV_POP | reserved | reserved | ||
| STDDEV_SAMP | reserved | reserved | ||
| SUBMULTISET | reserved | reserved | ||
| SUBSET | reserved | |||
| SUBSTRING_REGE | reserved | reserved | ||
| SUCCEEDS | reserved | reserved | ||
| SUM | reserved | reserved | reserved | |
| SYSTEM | reserved | reserved | ||
| SYSTEM_TIME | reserved | reserved | ||
| SYSTEM_USER | reserved | reserved | reserved | |
| TABLESAMPLE | reserved | reserved | ||
| TAN | reserved | |||
| TANH | reserved | |||
| TIMEZONE_HOUR | reserved | reserved | reserved | |
| TIMEZONE_MINUTE | reserved | reserved | reserved | |
| TRAILING | reserved | reserved | reserved | |
| TRANSLATE | reserved | reserved | reserved | |
| TRANSLATE_REGEX | reserved | reserved | ||
| TRANSLATION | reserved | reserved | reserved | |
| TREAT | reserved | reserved | ||
| UNKNOWN | reserved | reserved | reserved | |
| UPPER | reserved | reserved | reserved | |
| USAGE | non-reserved | non-reserved | reserved | |
| VALUE | reserved | reserved | reserved | |
| WIDTH_BUCKET | reserved | reserved | ||
| XMLSERIALIZE | reserved | reserved | ||
| XMLTABLE | reserved | reserved |
| Keyword | SQL:2016 | SQL:2011 | SQL-92 |
|---|---|---|---|
| AS | reserved | reserved | reserved |
| BY | reserved | reserved | reserved |
| CURRENT_PATH | reserved | reserved | |
| CURRENT_ROLE | reserved | reserved | reserved |
| CURRENT_TRANSFORM_GROUP_FOR_TYPE | reserved | reserved | |
| FIRST | non-reserved | non-reserved | reserved |
| JSON | |||
| ROLE | |||
| SQL | reserved | reserved | reserved |
| SQLCODE | |||
| SQLERROR | |||
| SQLEXCEPTION | reserved | reserved | |
| SQLSTATE | reserved | reserved | |
| SQLWARNING | reserved | reserved | |
| SQRT | reserved | reserved | |
| TRIM | reserved | reserved | |
| UESCAPE | reserved | reserved | |
| VALUE_OF | reserved | reserved | |
| VARBINARY | reserved | reserved | |
| VARIADIC | reserved | ||
| VAR_POP | reserved | reserved | |
| VAR_SAMP | reserved | reserved | |
| VERBOSE | |||
| VERSIONING | reserved | reserved | |
| WHENEVER | reserved | reserved | |
| WITHOUT | reserved | reserved | |
| WITHIN | reserved | reserved | |
| XML | reserved | reserved | |
| XMLATTRIBUTES | reserved | reserved | |
| XMLBINARY | reserved | reserved | |
| XMLCAST | reserved | reserved | |
| XMLEXISTS | reserved | reserved | |
| XMLITERATE | reserved | reserved |
| Keyword | SQL:2016 | SQL:2011 | SQL-92 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ADD | non-reserved | non-reserved | reserved | |
| ADMIN | non-reserved | non-reserved | ||
| AFTER | non-reserved | non-reserved | non-reserved | |
| AGGREGATE | non-reserved | |||
| ALL | reserved | reserved | reserved | |
| ALTER | non-reserved | reserved | reserved | |
| ALWAYS | non-reserved | non-reserved | non-reserved | |
| ANALYZE | reserved | |||
| AND | reserved | reserved | reserved | |
| ANY | reserved | reserved | reserved | |
| ASC | non-reserved | non-reserved | reserved | |
| ASYMMETRIC | reserved | reserved | reserved | |
| AT | reserved | reserved | reserved | |
| ATOMIC | non-reserved | reserved | reserved | |
| AUTHORIZATION | reserved | reserved | reserved | |
| AUTO_INCREMENT | ||||
| BEGIN | reserved | reserved | reserved | |
| BEST | ||||
| BETWEEN | reserved | reserved | reserved | |
| BIG | reserved | reserved | ||
| BIGINT | reserved | reserved | ||
| BIGSERIAL | reserved | reserved | ||
| BINARY | reserved | reserved | ||
| BLOB | reserved | reserved | ||
| BY | reserved | reserved | reserved | |
| C | non-reserved | non-reserved | non-reserved | |
| CACHE | ||||
| CALL | reserved | reserved | ||
| CASCADE | non-reserved | non-reserved | reserved | |
| CASE | reserved | reserved | reserved | |
| CAST | reserved | reserved | reserved | |
| CENTURY | ||||
| CHAIN | non-reserved | non-reserved | ||
| CHAR | reserved | reserved | reserved | |
| CHARACTER | reserved | reserved | reserved | |
| CHECK | reserved | reserved | reserved | |
| CLIENT | ||||
| CLOB | reserved | reserved | ||
| COALESCE | reserved | reserved | reserved | |
| COLUMN | reserved | reserved | reserved | |
| COMMENT | ||||
| COMMIT | reserved | reserved | reserved | |
| COMMITTED | reserved | reserved | reserved | |
| CONSTRAINT | non-reserved | non-reserved | non-reserved | |
| CONTINUE | non-reserved | non-reserved | reserved | |
| CONVERT | reserved | reserved | reserved | |
| COPY | reserved | |||
| CORRESPONDING | reserved | reserved | reserved | |
| CREATE | reserved | reserved | reserved | |
| CROSS | reserved | reserved | reserved | |
| CUBE | reserved | reserved | ||
| CURRENT | reserved | reserved | reserved | |
| CURRENT_DATE | reserved | reserved | reserved | |
| CURRENT_SCHEMA | reserved | reserved | ||
| CURRENT_TIME | reserved | reserved | reserved | |
| CURRENT_TIMESTAMP | reserved | reserved | reserved | |
| CURRENT_USER | reserved | reserved | reserved | |
| CYCLE | reserved | reserved | ||
| DATA | non-reserved | non-reserved | non-reserved | |
| DATE | reserved | reserved | reserved | |
| DAY | reserved | reserved | reserved | |
| DEALLOCATE | reserved | reserved | reserved | |
| DEBUG | ||||
| DEC | reserved | reserved | reserved | |
| DECADE | ||||
| DECIMAL | reserved | reserved | reserved | |
| DECLARE | reserved | reserved | reserved | |
| DEFAULT | reserved | reserved | reserved | |
| DELIMITERS | ||||
| DESC | non-reserved | non-reserved | reserved | |
| DIAGNOSTICS | reserved | |||
| DISTINCT | reserved | reserved | reserved | |
| DO | ||||
| DOUBLE | reserved | reserved | reserved | |
| DOW | ||||
| DOY | ||||
| DROP | reserved | reserved | reserved | |
| EACH | reserved | reserved | ||
| EFFORT | ||||
| ELSE | reserved | reserved | reserved | |
| ENCRYPTED | ||||
| END | reserved | reserved | reserved | |
| ENDIAN | ||||
| EPOCH | ||||
| ESCAPE | reserved | reserved | reserved | |
| EVERY | reserved | reserved | ||
| EXCEPT | reserved | reserved | reserved | |
| EXCLUDE | non-reserved | non-reserved | non-reserved | |
| EXEC | reserved | reserved | reserved | |
| EXECUTE | reserved | reserved | reserved | |
| EXISTS | reserved | reserved | reserved | |
| EXPLAIN | non-reserved | |||
| EXTERNAL | reserved | reserved | reserved | |
| EXTRACT | reserved | reserved | reserved | |
| FALSE | reserved | reserved | reserved | |
| FOLLOWING | non-reserved | non-reserved | ||
| FOR | reserved | reserved | reserved | |
| FOREIGN | reserved | reserved | reserved | |
| FROM | reserved | reserved | reserved | |
| FULL | reserved | reserved | reserved | |
| FUNCTION | reserved | reserved | ||
| FWF | ||||
| GENERATED | non-reserved | non-reserved | ||
| GLOBAL | reserved | reserved | reserved | |
| GRANT | reserved | reserved | reserved | |
| GROUP | reserved | reserved | reserved | |
| GROUPING | reserved | reserved | ||
| GROUPS | reserved | reserved | ||
| HAVING | reserved | reserved | reserved | |
| IDENTITY | reserved | reserved | reserved | |
| IF | ||||
| ILIKE | ||||
| IN | reserved | reserved | reserved | |
| INCREMENT | non-reserved | non-reserved | ||
| INDEX | ||||
| INNER | reserved | reserved | reserved | |
| INSERT | reserved | reserved | ||
| INT | reserved | reserved | reserved | |
| INTEGER | reserved | reserved | reserved | |
| INTERSECT | reserved | reserved | reserved | |
| INTERVAL | reserved | reserved | reserved | |
| INTO | reserved | reserved | reserved | |
| IS | reserved | reserved | reserved | |
| ISOLATION | non-reserved | reserved | ||
| JOIN | reserved | reserved | reserved | |
| KEY | non-reserved | non-reserved | reserved | |
| LANGUAGE | reserved | reserved | reserved | |
| LARGE | reserved | reserved | ||
| LAST | on-reserved | non-reserved | reserved | |
| LATERAL | reserved | reserved | reserved | |
| LEFT | reserved | reserved | reserved | |
| LEVEL | non-reserved | non-reserved | reserved | |
| LIKE | reserved | reserved | reserved | |
| LIMIT | non-reserved | non-reserved | ||
| LITTLE | ||||
| LOADER | ||||
| LOCAL | reserved | reserved | ||
| LOCALTIME | reserved | reserved | ||
| LOCALTIMESTAMP | reserved | reserved | ||
| LOCKED | ||||
| MATCH | reserved | reserved | ||
| MATCHED | non-reserved | non-reserved | ||
| MAX | reserved | reserved | ||
| MAXVALUE | non-reserved | non-reserved | ||
| MEDIUMINT | ||||
| MERGE | reserved | reserved | ||
| MINVALUE | non-reserved | non-reserved | ||
| MONTH | reserved | reserved | reserved | |
| NAME | non-reserved | non-reserved | ||
| NATIVE | ||||
| NATURAL | reserved | reserved | reserved | |
| NEW | reserved | reserved | ||
| NEXT | non-reserved | non-reserved | reserved | |
| NO | reserved | reserved | reserved | |
| NOT | reserved | reserved | reserved | |
| NTH_VALUE | reserved | reserved | ||
| NTILE | reserved | reserved | ||
| NULL | reserved | reserved | reserved | |
| NULLIF | reserved | reserved | reserved | |
| NULLS | non-reserved | non-reserved | ||
| NUMERIC | reserved | reserved | reserved | |
| OBJECT | non-reserved | non-reserved | ||
| OF | reserved | reserved | reserved | |
| OFFSET | reserved | reserved | ||
| OLD | reserved | reserved | ||
| ON | reserved | reserved | reserved | |
| ONLY | reserved | reserved | reserved | |
| OPTION | non-reserved | non-reserved | reserved | |
| OPTIONS | non-reserved | non-reserved | ||
| OR | reserved | reserved | reserved | |
| ORDER | reserved | reserved | reserved | |
| OTHERS | non-reserved | non-reserved | ||
| OUTER | reserved | reserved | reserved | |
| OVER | reserved | reserved | ||
| PARTIAL | non-reserved | non-reserved | reserved | |
| PARTITION | reserved | reserved | ||
| PASSWORD | ||||
| PLAN | non-reserved | |||
| PRECEDES | reserved | reserved | ||
| PRECEDING | ||||
| PRECISION | reserved | reserved | reserved | |
| PREP | ||||
| PREPARE | reserved | reserved | reserved | |
| PRESERVE | non-reserved | reserved | ||
| PRIMARY | reserved | reserved | reserved | |
| PRIVILEGES | non-reserved | non-reserved | reserved | |
| PROCEDURE | reserved | reserved | reserved | |
| PUBLIC | non-reserved | non-reserved | reserved | |
| QUARTER | ||||
| RANGE | reserved | reserved | ||
| READ | non-reserved | non-reserved | reserved | |
| REAL | reserved | reserved | reserved | |
| REFERENCES | reserved | reserved | reserved | |
| REFERENCING | reserved | reserved | ||
| REMOTE | ||||
| RENAME | ||||
| REPEATABLE | non-reserved | non-reserved | ||
| REPLACE | ||||
| REPLICA | ||||
| RESTART | non-reserved | |||
| RESTRICT | non-reserved | non-reserved | reserved | |
| RETURNS | reserved | reserved | ||
| REVOKE | reserved | reserved | reserved | |
| RIGHT | reserved | reserved | reserved | |
| ROLLBACK | reserved | reserved | reserved | |
| ROLLUP | reserved | reserved | ||
| ROWS | reserved | reserved | reserved | |
| SAMPLE | ||||
| SAVEPOINT | reserved | reserved | ||
| SCHEMA | non-reserved | non-reserved | reserved | |
| SECOND | reserved | reserved | reserved | |
| SELECT | reserved | reserved | reserved | |
| SEQUENCE | non-reserved | non-reserved | ||
| SERIAL | ||||
| SERIALIZABLE | non-reserved | non-reserved | non-reserved | |
| SERVER | non-reserved | non-reserved | ||
| SESSION | non-reserved | non-reserved | reserved | |
| SESSION_USER | reserved | reserved | reserved | |
| SET | reserved | reserved | reserved | |
| SETS | ||||
| SIMPLE | ||||
| SMALLINT | reserved | reserved | reserved | |
| SOME | reserved | reserved | reserved | |
| SPLIT_PART | ||||
| START | reserved | reserved | ||
| STATEMENT | non-reserved | non-reserved | ||
| STDIN | ||||
| STDOUT | ||||
| STORAGE | ||||
| STRING | ||||
| SUBSTRING | reserved | reserved | reserved | |
| SYMMETRIC | reserved | reserved | reserved | |
| TABLE | reserved | reserved | reserved | |
| TEMP | ||||
| TEMPORARY | non-reserved | non-reserved | reserved | |
| TEXT | ||||
| THEN | reserved | reserved | reserved | |
| TIES | non-reserved | non-reserved | ||
| TIME | reserved | reserved | reserved | |
| TIMESTAMP | reserved | reserved | reserved | |
| TO | reserved | reserved | reserved | |
| TRANSACTION | ||||
| TRIGGER | reserved | reserved | ||
| TRUE | reserved | reserved | reserved | |
| TRUNCATE | reserved | reserved | ||
| TYPE | non-reserved | non-reserved | non-reserved | |
| UNBOUNDED | non-reserved | non-reserved | ||
| UNCOMMITTED | non-reserved | non-reserved | non-reserved | |
| UNENCRYPTED | ||||
| UNION | reserved | reserved | reserved | |
| UNIQUE | reserved | reserved | reserved | |
| UNLOGGED | ||||
| UPDATE | reserved | reserved | reserved | |
| UNNEST | reserved | reserved | ||
| USER | reserved | reserved | reserved | |
| USING | reserved | reserved | reserved | |
| VALUES | reserved | reserved | reserved | |
| VARCHAR | reserved | reserved | reserved | |
| VARYING | reserved | reserved | reserved | |
| VIEW | non-reserved | non-reserved | reserved | |
| WHEN | reserved | reserved | reserved | |
| WHERE | reserved | reserved | reserved | |
| WHILE | ||||
| WINDOW | reserved | reserved | ||
| WITH | reserved | reserved | reserved | |
| WORK | ||||
| WRITE | non-reserved | non-reserved | reserved | |
| XMLAGG | reserved | reserved | ||
| XMLCOMMENT | reserved | reserved | ||
| XMLCONCAT | reserved | reserved | ||
| XMLDOCUMENT | reserved | reserved | ||
| XMLELEMENT | reserved | reserved | ||
| XMLFOREST | reserved | reserved | ||
| XMLNAMESPACES | reserved | reserved | ||
| XMLPARSE | reserved | reserved | ||
| XMLPI | reserved | reserved | ||
| XMLQUERY | reserved | reserved | ||
| XMLSCHEMA | ||||
| XMLTEXT | reserved | reserved | ||
| XMLVALIDATE | reserved | reserved | ||
| YEAR | reserved | reserved | reserved | |
| ZONE | non-reserved | non-reserved | reserved |