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Keywords

SQL distinguishes between reserved and non-reserved keywords. According to the standard, reserved keywords are the only real keywords; they are never allowed as identifiers. Non-reserved keywords only have a special meaning in particular contexts and can be used as identifiers in other contexts. Most non-reserved keywords are actually the names of built-in tables and functions specified by SQL. The concept of non-reserved keywords essentially only exists to declare that some predefined meaning is attached to a word in some contexts.

?? a keyword not part of sys.keywords

!! a keyword not in PG

Reserved SQL keywords

Keywords reserved in the various SQL standards and freely used by MonetDB

Keyword	MonetDB	SQL:2016	SQL:2011	SQL-92
ABS		reserved	reserved
ACOS		reserved
ASIN		reserved
ASSERTION		non-reserved	non-reserved	reserved
ATAN		reserved
BOOLEAN	reserved	reserved
BOTH		reserved	reserved	reserved
CALLED		reserved	reserved
CARDINALITY		reserved	reserved
COS		reserved
COSH		reserved
COUNT		reserved	reserved	reserved
COVAR_POP		reserved	reserved
COVAR_SAMP		reserved	reserved
CUME_DIST		reserved	reserved
CURRENT_CATALOG		reserved	reserved	reserved
CURRENT_DEFAULT_TRANSFORM_GROUP		reserved	reserved
DESCRIBE		reserved	reserved	reserved
ELSEIF		reserved	reserved	reserved
FETCH		reserved	reserved	reserved
FLOAT		reserved	reserved	reserved
FLOOR		reserved	reserved
INDICATOR		reserved	reserved	reserved
INTERSECTION		reserved	reserved
LEAD		reserved	reserved
LEADING		reserved	reserved	reserved
LOWER		reserved	reserved	reserved
MEMBER		reserved	reserved
MIN		reserved	reserved	reserved
MINUTE		reserved	reserved	reserved
MOD		reserved	reserved
NONE		reserved	reserved
NORMALIZE		reserved	reserved
OMIT		reserved
ONE		reserved
OUT		reserved	reserved
OUTPUT		non-reserved	non-reserved	reserved
OVERLAPS		reserved	reserved	reserved
OVERLAY		reserved	reserved
PARAMETER		reserved	reserved
PATTERN		reserved
PER		reserved
PERCENT		reserved	reserved
PERCENTILE_CONT		reserved	reserved
PERCENTILE_DISC		reserved	reserved
PERCENT_RANK		reserved	reserved
PORTION		reserved	reserved
POSITION		reserved	reserved	reserved
POSITION_REGEX		reserved	reserved
POWER		reserved	reserved
PRIOR		non-reserved	non-reserved	reserved
READS		reserved	reserved
RANK		reserved	reserved
RECURSIVE		reserved	reserved
REF		reserved	reserved
REGR_AVGX		reserved	reserved
REGR_AVGY		reserved	reserved
REGR_COUNT		reserved	reserved
REGR_INTERCEPT		reserved	reserved
REGR_R2		reserved	reserved
REGR_SLOPE		reserved	reserved
REGR_SXX		reserved	reserved
REGR_SXY		reserved	reserved
REGR_SYY		reserved	reserved
RELATIVE		non-reserved	non-reserved	reserved
RELEASE		reserved	reserved
RESULT		reserved	reserved
ROW		reserved	reserved
ROW_NUMBER		reserved	reserved
SCOPE		reserved	reserved
SCROLL		reserved	reserved	reserved
SEARCH		reserved	reserved
SECTION		non-reserved	reserved
SEEK			reserved
SENSITIVE		reserved	reserved
SHOW		reserved
SIMILAR		reserved	reserved
SIN		reserved
SINH		reserved
SIZE		non-reserved	non-reserved	reserved
SKIP		reserved
SPACE		non-reserved	reserved
SPECIFIC		reserved	reserved
SPECIFICTYPE		reserved	reserved
SPECIFIC_NAME		non-reserved	non-reserved
STATIC		reserved	reserved
STDDEV_POP		reserved	reserved
STDDEV_SAMP		reserved	reserved
SUBMULTISET		reserved	reserved
SUBSET		reserved
SUBSTRING_REGE		reserved	reserved
SUCCEEDS		reserved	reserved
SUM		reserved	reserved	reserved
SYSTEM		reserved	reserved
SYSTEM_TIME		reserved	reserved
SYSTEM_USER		reserved	reserved	reserved
TABLESAMPLE		reserved	reserved
TAN		reserved
TANH		reserved
TIMEZONE_HOUR		reserved	reserved	reserved
TIMEZONE_MINUTE		reserved	reserved	reserved
TRAILING		reserved	reserved	reserved
TRANSLATE		reserved	reserved	reserved
TRANSLATE_REGEX		reserved	reserved
TRANSLATION		reserved	reserved	reserved
TREAT		reserved	reserved
UNKNOWN		reserved	reserved	reserved
UPPER		reserved	reserved	reserved
USAGE		non-reserved	non-reserved	reserved
VALUE		reserved	reserved	reserved
WIDTH_BUCKET		reserved	reserved
XMLSERIALIZE		reserved	reserved
XMLTABLE		reserved	reserved

Missing keywords in sys.keywords

Keyword	SQL:2016	SQL:2011	SQL-92
AS	reserved	reserved	reserved
BY	reserved	reserved	reserved
CURRENT_PATH		reserved	reserved
CURRENT_ROLE	reserved	reserved	reserved
CURRENT_TRANSFORM_GROUP_FOR_TYPE		reserved	reserved
FIRST	non-reserved	non-reserved	reserved
JSON
ROLE
SQL	reserved	reserved	reserved
SQLCODE
SQLERROR
SQLEXCEPTION		reserved	reserved
SQLSTATE		reserved	reserved
SQLWARNING		reserved	reserved
SQRT		reserved	reserved
TRIM		reserved	reserved
UESCAPE		reserved	reserved
VALUE_OF		reserved	reserved
VARBINARY		reserved	reserved
VARIADIC		reserved
VAR_POP		reserved	reserved
VAR_SAMP		reserved	reserved
VERBOSE
VERSIONING		reserved	reserved
WHENEVER		reserved	reserved
WITHOUT		reserved	reserved
WITHIN		reserved	reserved
XML		reserved	reserved
XMLATTRIBUTES		reserved	reserved
XMLBINARY		reserved	reserved
XMLCAST		reserved	reserved
XMLEXISTS		reserved	reserved
XMLITERATE		reserved	reserved

MonetDB keywords

Keyword	SQL:2016	SQL:2011	SQL-92
ADD	non-reserved	non-reserved	reserved
ADMIN	non-reserved	non-reserved
AFTER	non-reserved	non-reserved	non-reserved
AGGREGATE	non-reserved
ALL	reserved	reserved	reserved
ALTER	non-reserved	reserved	reserved
ALWAYS	non-reserved	non-reserved	non-reserved
ANALYZE	reserved
AND	reserved	reserved	reserved
ANY	reserved	reserved	reserved
ASC	non-reserved	non-reserved	reserved
ASYMMETRIC	reserved	reserved	reserved
AT	reserved	reserved	reserved
ATOMIC	non-reserved	reserved	reserved
AUTHORIZATION	reserved	reserved	reserved
AUTO_INCREMENT
BEGIN	reserved	reserved	reserved
BEST
BETWEEN	reserved	reserved	reserved
BIG	reserved	reserved
BIGINT	reserved	reserved
BIGSERIAL	reserved	reserved
BINARY	reserved	reserved
BLOB	reserved	reserved
BY	reserved	reserved	reserved
C	non-reserved	non-reserved	non-reserved
CACHE
CALL	reserved	reserved
CASCADE	non-reserved	non-reserved	reserved
CASE	reserved	reserved	reserved
CAST	reserved	reserved	reserved
CENTURY
CHAIN	non-reserved	non-reserved
CHAR	reserved	reserved	reserved
CHARACTER	reserved	reserved	reserved
CHECK	reserved	reserved	reserved
CLIENT
CLOB	reserved	reserved
COALESCE	reserved	reserved	reserved
COLUMN	reserved	reserved	reserved
COMMENT
COMMIT	reserved	reserved	reserved
COMMITTED	reserved	reserved	reserved
CONSTRAINT	non-reserved	non-reserved	non-reserved
CONTINUE	non-reserved	non-reserved	reserved
CONVERT	reserved	reserved	reserved
COPY	reserved
CORRESPONDING	reserved	reserved	reserved
CREATE	reserved	reserved	reserved
CROSS	reserved	reserved	reserved
CUBE	reserved	reserved
CURRENT	reserved	reserved	reserved
CURRENT_DATE	reserved	reserved	reserved
CURRENT_SCHEMA	reserved	reserved
CURRENT_TIME	reserved	reserved	reserved
CURRENT_TIMESTAMP	reserved	reserved	reserved
CURRENT_USER	reserved	reserved	reserved
CYCLE	reserved	reserved
DATA	non-reserved	non-reserved	non-reserved
DATE	reserved	reserved	reserved
DAY	reserved	reserved	reserved
DEALLOCATE	reserved	reserved	reserved
DEBUG
DEC	reserved	reserved	reserved
DECADE
DECIMAL	reserved	reserved	reserved
DECLARE	reserved	reserved	reserved
DEFAULT	reserved	reserved	reserved
DELIMITERS
DESC	non-reserved	non-reserved	reserved
DIAGNOSTICS			reserved
DISTINCT	reserved	reserved	reserved
DO
DOUBLE	reserved	reserved	reserved
DOW
DOY
DROP	reserved	reserved	reserved
EACH	reserved	reserved
EFFORT
ELSE	reserved	reserved	reserved
ENCRYPTED
END	reserved	reserved	reserved
ENDIAN
EPOCH
ESCAPE	reserved	reserved	reserved
EVERY	reserved	reserved
EXCEPT	reserved	reserved	reserved
EXCLUDE	non-reserved	non-reserved	non-reserved
EXEC	reserved	reserved	reserved
EXECUTE	reserved	reserved	reserved
EXISTS	reserved	reserved	reserved
EXPLAIN		non-reserved
EXTERNAL	reserved	reserved	reserved
EXTRACT	reserved	reserved	reserved
FALSE	reserved	reserved	reserved
FOLLOWING	non-reserved	non-reserved
FOR	reserved	reserved	reserved
FOREIGN	reserved	reserved	reserved
FROM	reserved	reserved	reserved
FULL	reserved	reserved	reserved
FUNCTION	reserved	reserved
FWF
GENERATED	non-reserved	non-reserved
GLOBAL	reserved	reserved	reserved
GRANT	reserved	reserved	reserved
GROUP	reserved	reserved	reserved
GROUPING	reserved	reserved
GROUPS	reserved	reserved
HAVING	reserved	reserved	reserved
IDENTITY	reserved	reserved	reserved
IF
ILIKE
IN	reserved	reserved	reserved
INCREMENT	non-reserved	non-reserved
INDEX
INNER	reserved	reserved	reserved
INSERT	reserved	reserved
INT	reserved	reserved	reserved
INTEGER	reserved	reserved	reserved
INTERSECT	reserved	reserved	reserved
INTERVAL	reserved	reserved	reserved
INTO	reserved	reserved	reserved
IS	reserved	reserved	reserved
ISOLATION	non-reserved	reserved
JOIN	reserved	reserved	reserved
KEY	non-reserved	non-reserved	reserved
LANGUAGE	reserved	reserved	reserved
LARGE	reserved	reserved
LAST	on-reserved	non-reserved	reserved
LATERAL	reserved	reserved	reserved
LEFT	reserved	reserved	reserved
LEVEL	non-reserved	non-reserved	reserved
LIKE	reserved	reserved	reserved
LIMIT	non-reserved	non-reserved
LITTLE
LOADER
LOCAL	reserved	reserved
LOCALTIME	reserved	reserved
LOCALTIMESTAMP	reserved	reserved
LOCKED
MATCH	reserved	reserved
MATCHED	non-reserved	non-reserved
MAX	reserved	reserved
MAXVALUE	non-reserved	non-reserved
MEDIUMINT
MERGE	reserved	reserved
MINVALUE	non-reserved	non-reserved
MONTH	reserved	reserved	reserved
NAME	non-reserved	non-reserved
NATIVE
NATURAL	reserved	reserved	reserved
NEW	reserved	reserved
NEXT	non-reserved	non-reserved	reserved
NO	reserved	reserved	reserved
NOT	reserved	reserved	reserved
NTH_VALUE	reserved	reserved
NTILE	reserved	reserved
NULL	reserved	reserved	reserved
NULLIF	reserved	reserved	reserved
NULLS	non-reserved	non-reserved
NUMERIC	reserved	reserved	reserved
OBJECT	non-reserved	non-reserved
OF	reserved	reserved	reserved
OFFSET	reserved	reserved
OLD	reserved	reserved
ON	reserved	reserved	reserved
ONLY	reserved	reserved	reserved
OPTION	non-reserved	non-reserved	reserved
OPTIONS	non-reserved	non-reserved
OR	reserved	reserved	reserved
ORDER	reserved	reserved	reserved
OTHERS	non-reserved	non-reserved
OUTER	reserved	reserved	reserved
OVER	reserved	reserved
PARTIAL	non-reserved	non-reserved	reserved
PARTITION	reserved	reserved
PASSWORD
PLAN		non-reserved
PRECEDES	reserved	reserved
PRECEDING
PRECISION	reserved	reserved	reserved
PREP
PREPARE	reserved	reserved	reserved
PRESERVE	non-reserved	reserved
PRIMARY	reserved	reserved	reserved
PRIVILEGES	non-reserved	non-reserved	reserved
PROCEDURE	reserved	reserved	reserved
PUBLIC	non-reserved	non-reserved	reserved
QUARTER
RANGE	reserved	reserved
READ	non-reserved	non-reserved	reserved
REAL	reserved	reserved	reserved
REFERENCES	reserved	reserved	reserved
REFERENCING	reserved	reserved
REMOTE
RENAME
REPEATABLE	non-reserved	non-reserved
REPLACE
REPLICA
RESTART	non-reserved
RESTRICT	non-reserved	non-reserved	reserved
RETURNS	reserved	reserved
REVOKE	reserved	reserved	reserved
RIGHT	reserved	reserved	reserved
ROLLBACK	reserved	reserved	reserved
ROLLUP	reserved	reserved
ROWS	reserved	reserved	reserved
SAMPLE
SAVEPOINT	reserved	reserved
SCHEMA	non-reserved	non-reserved	reserved
SECOND	reserved	reserved	reserved
SELECT	reserved	reserved	reserved
SEQUENCE	non-reserved	non-reserved
SERIAL
SERIALIZABLE	non-reserved	non-reserved	non-reserved
SERVER	non-reserved	non-reserved
SESSION	non-reserved	non-reserved	reserved
SESSION_USER	reserved	reserved	reserved
SET	reserved	reserved	reserved
SETS
SIMPLE
SMALLINT	reserved	reserved	reserved
SOME	reserved	reserved	reserved
SPLIT_PART
START	reserved	reserved
STATEMENT	non-reserved	non-reserved
STDIN
STDOUT
STORAGE
STRING
SUBSTRING	reserved	reserved	reserved
SYMMETRIC	reserved	reserved	reserved
TABLE	reserved	reserved	reserved
TEMP
TEMPORARY	non-reserved	non-reserved	reserved
TEXT
THEN	reserved	reserved	reserved
TIES	non-reserved	non-reserved
TIME	reserved	reserved	reserved
TIMESTAMP	reserved	reserved	reserved
TO	reserved	reserved	reserved
TRANSACTION
TRIGGER	reserved	reserved
TRUE	reserved	reserved	reserved
TRUNCATE	reserved	reserved
TYPE	non-reserved	non-reserved	non-reserved
UNBOUNDED	non-reserved	non-reserved
UNCOMMITTED	non-reserved	non-reserved	non-reserved
UNENCRYPTED
UNION	reserved	reserved	reserved
UNIQUE	reserved	reserved	reserved
UPDATE	reserved	reserved	reserved
UNNEST		reserved	reserved
USER	reserved	reserved	reserved
USING	reserved	reserved	reserved
VALUES	reserved	reserved	reserved
VARCHAR	reserved	reserved	reserved
VARYING	reserved	reserved	reserved
VIEW	non-reserved	non-reserved	reserved
WHEN	reserved	reserved	reserved
WHERE	reserved	reserved	reserved
WHILE
WINDOW	reserved	reserved
WITH	reserved	reserved	reserved
WORK
WRITE	non-reserved	non-reserved	reserved
XMLAGG		reserved	reserved
XMLCOMMENT		reserved	reserved
XMLCONCAT	reserved	reserved
XMLDOCUMENT	reserved	reserved
XMLELEMENT	reserved	reserved
XMLFOREST	reserved	reserved
XMLNAMESPACES		reserved	reserved
XMLPARSE	reserved	reserved
XMLPI	reserved	reserved
XMLQUERY	reserved	reserved
XMLSCHEMA
XMLTEXT	reserved	reserved
XMLVALIDATE	reserved	reserved
YEAR	reserved	reserved	reserved
ZONE	non-reserved	non-reserved	reserved